The batteries can be plugged into house (mains) electricity for charging, as well being charged while the engine is running. Both series and parallel setups were used in WW2 submarines. While liquid fuel/electric hybrids date back to the late 19th century, the braking regenerative hybrid was invented by David Arthurs, an electrical engineer from Springdale, Arkansas in 1978–79. According to Harvard business professor Theodore Levitt states "managing products" and "meeting customers' needs", "you must adapt to consumer expectations and anticipation of future desires. [40] The charging engine needs only to be sized for average usage with acceleration bursts using the stored energy in the hydraulic accumulator, which is charged when in low energy demanding vehicle operation. The target is an average for each manufacturer's new car fleet; it allows OEMs to build some vehicles that emit less than the average and some that emit more. This is a 40% reduction from the mandatory 2015 target of 130 g/km. décès, hospitalisations, réanimations, guérisons par département [20][21] UPS currently has two trucks in service using this technology.[22]. In addition, the incidence or prevalence of an event cannot be determined from this reporting system alone due to under-reporting of events, inaccuracies in reports, lack of verification that the device caused the reported event, and lack of information about frequency of device use. A drawback was that the power driving motors were not efficient enough at part load. [13], Hybrid systems are coming into use for trucks, buses and other heavy highway vehicles. [citation needed], Hybrid car companies like Toyota, Honda, Ford, and BMW have pulled together to create a movement of Hybrid vehicle sales pushed by Washington lobbyists to lower the world's emissions and become less reliant on our petroleum consumption. Research is underway in large corporations and small companies. [67], However, hybrid CO2 emissions have often been overstated. The MAUDE database houses medical device reports submitted to the FDA by mandatory reporters 1 (manufacturers, importers and device user facilities) and voluntary reporters such as health care professionals, patients and consumers. The EPA estimated that produced in high volumes the hydraulic components would add only $700 to the cost. [84][85] Neodymium is another rare earth metal which is a crucial ingredient in high-strength magnets that are found in permanent magnet electric motors. [citation needed] The diesel generator and batteries are normally built on an existing "retired" "yard" locomotive's frame. For example, "(b)(4)" may be found in place of the product's composition and "(b)(6)" may be found in place of a patient's age. Academic OneFile. Railpower Technologies engineers working with TSI Terminal Systems are testing a hybrid diesel-electric power unit with battery storage for use in Rubber Tyred Gantry (RTG) cranes. Since these engines typically need extra weight for traction purposes anyway the battery pack's weight is a negligible penalty. A petroleum-electric hybrid most commonly uses internal combustion engines (using a variety of fuels, generally gasoline or Diesel engines) and electric motors to power the vehicle. Powering the a/c, power steering, and other auxiliary pumps electrically as and when needed; this reduces mechanical losses when compared with driving them continuously with traditional engine belts. For some users, this type of vehicle may also be financially attractive so long as the electrical energy being used is cheaper than the petrol/diesel that they would have otherwise used. Passenger car installations include Toyota Prius, Ford Escape and Fusion, as well as Lexus RX400h, RX450h, GS450h, LS600h, and CT200h. In 2012 an existing production minivan was adapted to the new hydraulic powertrain for assessment. "[93] "Driving change--one hybrid at a time." It is unclear if regenerative braking is used; but in principle, it is easily utilized. The recommended levels they suggest for a typical passenger vehicle should be equated to 5.5 metric tons of CO2. Any vehicle space consumed by a larger size of accumulator vessel may be offset by the need for a smaller sized charging engine, in HP and physical size. driven wheels or propellers. Note: If you need help accessing information in different file formats, see Porsche named his arrangement "System Mixt" and it was a wheel hub motor design, where each of the two front wheels was powered by a separate motor. The design of petro-hydraulic hybrids using well sized accumulators allows downsizing an engine to average power usage, not peak power usage. (2006). This. Until recently most heavy vehicles had little secondary energy storage, e.g. On a hybrid car, the battery packs currently range from 0.6 kWh to 2.4 kWh representing a large difference in use of electricity in hybrid cars. One research project's goal is to create a blank paper design new car, to maximize the packaging of petro-hydraulic hybrid components in the vehicle. Algemene voorwaarden zijn overeengekomen samen met de consumentenbond en gemakkelijk vindbaar op de website van Zalando.nl. ProQuest. It appears in the form of an anthology, a compilation of texts of a variety of forms that are all linked by the belief that they are collectively revelations of God. [20] Under EPA testing, a hydraulic hybrid Ford Expedition returned 32 mpg (7.4 L/100 km) City, and 22 mpg (11 L/100 km) highway. The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower emissions than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), resulting in fewer emissions being generated. [37] Tata Motors of India assessed the design phase towards full production for the Indian market and moved into "completing detailed development of the compressed air engine into specific vehicle and stationary applications".[38][39]. For continuous high-speed highway use, these features are much less useful in reducing emissions. Page 3 • Use the + and – buttons to adjust vibration strength. Already many transport vehicles such as auto-rickshaws and buses run on CNG fuel. [20][47][48][49], PSA Peugeot Citroën exhibited an experimental "Hybrid Air" engine at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. The Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator Airplane has a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell/lithium-ion battery hybrid system to power an electric motor, which is coupled to a conventional propeller. [100][101][102], More optimistic views as of 2006 include predictions that hybrids would dominate new car sales in the US and elsewhere over the next 10 to 20 years. The only self-charging effect is in energy recovery via regenerative braking, which is also true of plug-in hybrids, fuel cell electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles. Towing kites can fly at heights several times higher than the tallest ship masts, capturing stronger and steadier winds. This runs on batteries when submerged and the batteries can be recharged by the diesel engine when the craft is on the surface. [11] "Green Goat" locomotives have been purchased by Canadian Pacific, BNSF, Kansas City Southern Railway and Union Pacific among others. Peugeot and Citroën have announced that they too are building a car that uses compressed air as an energy source. [43] The aim is 170 mpg in average driving conditions. Ferdinand Porsche effectively invented this arrangement in speed-record-setting racing cars in the early 20th century, such as the Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid. "Avoiding Green Marketing Myopia." The system does not use air motors to drive the vehicle, being directly driven by a hybrid engine. These super credits will help manufacturers further reduce the average emissions of their new car fleet. No lightweight materials were used. Hybrid Cars. The transmission is seamless. This concept is attractive to those seeking to minimize on-road emissions by avoiding – or at least minimizing – the use of ICE during daily driving. Early prototype motorcycles in the late 19th century used the same principle. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The petro-hydraulic hybrid system has a faster and more efficient charge/discharge cycling than petro-electric hybrids and is also cheaper to build. The diesel engines run at a constant RPM for peak efficiency. Het Thuiswinkel Waarborg garandeert dat leden de wettelijke bedenktermijn van 14 dagen naleven. However, private use of the existing electrical system is almost universally prohibited. 165.6 (June 2007): 9(1). [36] A key aspect of the hybrid engine is the "active chamber", which is a compartment heating air via fuel doubling the energy output. In 2019 the term "self-charging hybrid" became popular in advertising, though cars referred to by this name do not offer any different functionality than a standard hybrid electric vehicle provides. A diesel/turbine engine drives an electric generator or hydraulic pump, which powers electric/hydraulic motors - strictly an electric/hydraulic transmission (not a hybrid), unless it can accept power from outside. The Bodleian Libraries at the University of Oxford is the largest university library system in the United Kingdom. The three most popular hybrid vehicles, Honda Civic, Honda Insight and Toyota Prius, set the standards even higher by producing 4.1, 3.5, and 3.5 tons showing a major improvement in carbon dioxide emissions. These encompass such vehicles as the Saturn Vue, Toyota Prius, Toyota Yaris, Toyota Camry Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid, Ford Fusion Hybrid, Toyota Highlander Hybrid, Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h, and 450h, Hyundai Ioniq, and others. Variations in trade, product, and company names affect search results. First close-up masturbation be advisable for horny granny ; Adorable teen spinner Alice March rides a huge cock Cock-crazy Lara Amour loves to get into a threesome and give head Gay bukkake twink is fucked hard and deep in his tight ass ; Amateur couple made their first homemade porn with cellphone Brown, Matthew. The new Autorail à grande capacité (AGC or high-capacity railcar) built by the Canadian company Bombardier for service in France is diesel/electric motors, using 1500 or 25000 V on different rail systems. [18], In 1978 students at Minneapolis, Minnesota's Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a Volkswagen Beetle to a petro-hydraulic hybrid with off-the shelf components. One design has claimed to return 130 mpg in tests by using a large hydraulic accumulator which is also the structural chassis of the car. [citation needed] The number of reports cannot be interpreted or used in isolation to reach conclusions about the existence, severity, or frequency of problems associated with devices. In 1997 Toyota released the first series-hybrid bus sold in Japan. Fuck english milf leah rather rubs her fanny than do cleaning videos. [12] First systems are expected to be operational in 2007. This arrangement was sometimes referred to as an electric transmission, as the electric generator and driving motor replaced a mechanical transmission. Licking sucking cuming hot-cam.net. It operates as an electric vehicle until the battery charge is low, and then activates an engine-powered generator to maintain power, and is also available without the range extender. The ribeye and filet were no better than what we can buy in our local supermarket. This target will be in line with the EU's long-term climate goals. Small fleet sizes and installation costs are compensated by fuel savings,[14][needs update] with advances such as higher capacity, lowered battery cost, etc. They expect ≥10% fuel economy.[10]. It may be connected to mains electricity supply at the end of the journey to avoid charging using the on-board internal combustion engine.[59][60]. Some electricity suppliers also offer price benefits for off-peak night users, which may further increase the attractiveness of the plug-in option for commuters and urban motorists. Gratis erotik sex escort sex xxx laarstraat gonzomovie gratis cam seks huis ter heide controleert u vandaan. On the open road, the primary power source is the internal combustion engine. However, forecasts vary widely. ", "MDI's air engine technology tested on Tata Motors vehicles", "Tata Motors enters second phase of air-car development", EPA Announces Partnership to Demonstrate World's First Full Hydraulic Hybrid Urban Delivery Vehicle | Modeling, Testing, and Research | US EPA, "Lift Trucks: 15 ways the lift truck is evolving - Article from Modern Materials Handling", "Hybrid Hydraulic Drive Vehicle Promises 170 MPG", "INGOCAR from Valentin Tech shatters the way we think about cars", "Chrysler announces development of hydraulic hybrid technology for cars", "EPA and Chrysler to Take Latest Hybrid Technology from Lab to Street/Partnership to adapt fuel efficient technology", "Peugeot's Hybrid Air: the car of the future that runs on air", "A Pair of Peugeots Debuts in Paris: One Prescient (and Possibly Good for 118 mpg), One Practical", "Compressing Gas for a Cheaper, Simpler Hybrid", "PSA Peugeot Citroen seeks partners for Hybrid Air tech", "Toyota debuts power-hybrid bus | The Japan Times Online", "Electro-Shock Therapy – The Atlantic (July/August 2008)", "Incidence of Pedestrian and Bicyclist Crashes by Hybrid Electric Passenger Vehicles at Journalist's Resource.org", "TMC to Sell Approaching Vehicle Audible System for 'Prius, "Critical Pedestrian Safety Legislation Moves to White House for President's Signature", "S. 841 Pedestrian Safety Enhancement Act of 2010", "Hybrid, electric vehicles to become louder for pedestrian safety", "Air Quality: Vehicle Emissions and Air Quality", "Does hybrid car production waste offset hybrid benefits? Ehrenfeld, Temma. [7] It was tested in Rotterdam, the Netherlands with Railfeeding, a Genesee & Wyoming company. Ottman, Jacquelyn A., Edwin R. Stafford, and Cathy L. Hartman. "Green, or Greenwash? [25], Hybrid FanWings have been designed. [41] The company converted a BMW car as a test bed to prove viability. batteries/hydraulic accumulators — excepting non-nuclear submarines, one of the oldest production hybrids, running on diesel while surfaced and batteries when submerged. Hybrid power trains use diesel-electric or turbo-electric to power railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile hydraulic machinery, and ships. The first of these trains is set to run on the 81 km long Rewari-Rohtak route. A few non-Chinese sources such as the advanced Hoidas Lake project in northern Canada as well as Mount Weld in Australia are currently under development;[88] however, the barriers to entry are high[89] and require years to go online. The electricity then gets discharged most effectively when the car accelerates or climbs up an incline. [103] Another approach, taken by Saurin Shah, examines the penetration rates (or S-curves) of four analogs (historical and current) to hybrid and electrical vehicles in an attempt to gauge how quickly the vehicle stock could be hybridized and/or electrified in the United States. For crashes involving cyclists or pedestrians, there was a higher incident rate for HEVs than ICEVs when a vehicle was turning a corner. The existing motors and running gear are all rebuilt and reused. Estimation du changement de règle (9000 hab) Estimation élaborée le 17 Janvier 2020, la règle a subi plusieurs modifications depuis mais donne idée de l'impact du changement En attendant les publications des données sur les élections municipales, je vous propose de découvrir l'impact du changement des règles pour les élections municipales 2020. Retrieved December 01, 2009, from Lithium-ion battery for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Berman, Bradley. This is generally not the case for electricity, which is taxed uniformly for the domestic customer, however that person uses it. A British company (Artemis Intelligent Power) made a breakthrough introducing an electronically controlled hydraulic motor/pump, the Digital Displacement® motor/pump. China Japan Hybrids may be more efficient than many other gasoline motors as far as gasoline consumption is concerned but as far as being green and good for the environment is completely inaccurate. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the types of vehicles when they were driving straight. The engine uses a mixture of compressed air and gasoline injected into the cylinders. A car rated at 32 mpg was returning 75 mpg with the 60 hp engine replaced by a 16 hp engine, and reached 70 mph. Web. MAUDE is updated monthly and the search page reflects the date of the most recent update. Acceleration was 0-60 mph in 8 seconds, using a 1.9 L diesel engine. (2008). BibleThe Bible is a collection of religious texts or scriptures sacred to Christians, Jews, Samaritans, Rastafari and others. Bodleian Libraries. Web. Hybrids-Electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the advantage of gasoline engines and electric motors. These types use a generally compact electric motor (usually <20 kW) to provide auto-stop/start features and to provide extra power assist[54] during the acceleration, and to generate on the deceleration phase (aka regenerative braking). Some are far more toxic than others. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in hydraulic hybrids.. ", "Learn everything about the compressed air cars! In 1995 Thomas Muller designed and built a "Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb" for his 1995 diploma thesis. The energy created by shock absorbers and kinetic braking energy that normally would be wasted assists in charging the accumulator. Besides, the technology for such electrical infrastructure is largely outdated and, outside some cities, not widely distributed (see Conduit current collection, trams, electric rail, trolleys, third rail). These savings are primarily achieved by three elements of a typical hybrid design: Other techniques that are not necessarily 'hybrid' features, but that are frequently found on hybrid vehicles include: These features make a hybrid vehicle particularly efficient for city traffic where there are frequent stops, coasting, and idling periods. However, to prevent the scheme from undermining the environmental integrity of the legislation, there will be a 2.5 g/km cap per manufacturer on the contribution that super credits can make to their target in any year. [96], While the adoption rate for hybrids in the US is small today (2.2% of new car sales in 2011),[97] this compares with a 17.1% share of new car sales in Japan in 2011,[98] and it has the potential to be very large over time as more models are offered and incremental costs decline due to learning and scale benefits. Hitachi is a leader in its development. Share photos and videos, send messages and get updates. [42], Current vehicle bodies are designed around the mechanicals of existing engine/transmission setups. A FanWing is created by two engines with the capability to autorotate and landing like a helicopter. (2009). Indian railway launched one of its kind CNG-Diesel hybrid trains in January 2015. For accidents where a vehicle was slowing or stopping, backing up, entering, or leaving a parking space (when the sound difference between HEVs and ICEVs is most pronounced), HEVs were twice as likely to be involved in a pedestrian crash than ICEVs. Cependant les leviers d’actions pour construire ces visions prospectives questionnent par leur manque de visibilité à … Bedenktijd van minimaal 14 dagen. Web. [80], There are two different levels of charging. [27], William H. Patton filed a patent application for a gasoline-electric hybrid rail-car propulsion system in early 1889, and for a similar hybrid boat propulsion system in mid 1889. But Daniel thinks "Energy debate heats up: the high gas prices of last summer fueled the energy debate that continues today." "[94] This means people buy what they want, if they want a fuel efficient car they buy a Hybrid without thinking about the actual efficiency of the product. Cerca nel più grande indice di testi integrali mai esistito. Their purpose is to make pedestrians, cyclists, the blind, and others aware of the vehicle's presence while operating in all-electric mode.[62][63][64][65]. [9] CNG is less-polluting alternative for diesel and petrol and is popular as an alternative fuel in India. A series- or serial-hybrid vehicle is driven by an electric motor, functioning as an electric vehicle while the battery pack energy supply is sufficient, with an engine tuned for running as a generator when the battery pack is insufficient. There is typically no mechanical connection between the engine and the wheels, and the primary purpose of the range extender is to charge the battery. Each of these vehicles will be counted as two vehicles in 2020, 1.67 in 2021, 1.33 in 2022, and then as one vehicle from 2023 onwards. [20][21] UPS currently has two trucks in service using this technology. This "green myopia" as Ottman calls it, fails because marketers focus on the greenness of the product and not on the actual effectiveness. Searches only retrieve records that contain the search term(s) provided by the requester. ", "Rare earth innovation: the silent shift to china", "Rare earth elements critical resources for high technology", "Peugeot Announces Plans to Release a Hybrid Car That Runs on Compressed Air by 2016", "Norway tells Toyota to stop calling hybrid cars "self-charging, "2 Electrification of Transport and Oil Displacement", "EU agrees deal on 2020 car emissions regulations", The Future of Flight (Obese Pelicans to Shape-Shifting Switchblades), Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_vehicle&oldid=1008019539, Articles with failed verification from January 2012, Articles with dead external links from March 2017, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2010, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2013, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006, Articles needing additional references from July 2008, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2014, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Some vehicles have been modified to use another fuel source if it is available, such as cars modified to run on. [91], Automakers spend around $US8 million in marketing Hybrid vehicles each year. The vehicle could not move unless the internal combustion engine was running. Diesel fuel and emission reductions of 50–70% are predicted by Railpower engineers. AllianceBernstein, "The Emergence of Hybrid Vehicles: Ending Oil's Stranglehold on Transportation and the Economy," June 2006. types of petroleum-electric hybrid drivetrains, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Greetings Ecological Transportation Futurist", "Australian man builds the first ever hybrid petrol/electric bicycle using UP Mini 3D printer", "Van Hool presents the ExquiCity Design Mettis", "The World's First Hybrid Train Officially Enters Commercial Service", "GE's Hybrid Locomotive: Around The World on Brakes", "RailPower To Supply TSI Terminal Systems Inc. with hybrid power plants for rubber tyred gantry cranes", "Railpower to supply TSI Terminal Systems Inc. with hybrid power plants for rubber tyred gantry cranes", "Kenworth Unveils T270 Class 6 Hybrid Truck Targeted at Municipal, Utility Applications", "FedEx's New Electric Trucks Get a Boost From Diesel Turbines", "Try a Hydraulic Drive Train: This Car of the Future Gets 75 MPG", EPA unveils hydraulic hybrid UPS delivery truck, "Military hybrid vehicles could boost safety, mobility", "Electric Car Conversion: The Amazing 75-MPG Hybrid Car", "Bi-Fuel Silverado 2500HD Can Switch Between Gasoline And Natural Gas", "Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State", "What is the energy of gasoline compared to the same cost of other fuels in BTUs per dollar? Acceleration was 0-60 mph in 8 seconds, using a 1.9 liter diesel engine. [86], Nearly all the rare earth elements in the world come from China,[87] and many analysts believe that an overall increase in Chinese electronics manufacturing will consume this entire supply by 2012. Current tax systems in many European countries use mineral oil taxation as a major income source. All bulky hydraulic components are integrated into the chassis of the car. Series-hybrids have also been referred to as extended range electric vehicle, range-extended electric vehicle, or electric vehicle-extended range (EREV/REEV/EVER). The BMW 530i, gave double the mpg in city driving compared to the standard car. Newer hybrid ship-propulsion schemes include large towing kites manufactured by companies such as SkySails. Having significant battery storage capacity to store and reuse recaptured energy, especially in stop-and-go traffic typical of the city, Recapturing significant amounts of energy during braking that are normally wasted as heat. Variant diesel electric locomotive include the Green Goat (GG) and Green Kid (GK) switching/yard engines built by Canada's Railpower Technologies, with lead acid (Pba) batteries and 1000 to 2000 hp electric motors, and a new clean-burning ~160 hp diesel generator. [26], When the term hybrid vehicle is used, it most often refers to a Hybrid electric vehicle. In one study using real-world driving data, it was shown they use on average 120g of CO2 per km instead of the 44g per km in the official tests. [44][45][46], In January 2011 industry giant Chrysler announced a partnership with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to design and develop an experimental petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain suitable for use in large passenger cars. Temma Ehrenfeld explained in an article by Newsweek. In 2005, sales went beyond 200,000 Hybrids, but in retrospect that only reduced the global use for gasoline consumption by 200,000 gallons per day — a tiny fraction of the 360 million gallons used per day. With combined effort from many car companies, the Hybrid industry has sold millions of Hybrids. [citation needed]. Petro-hydraulic configurations have been common in trains and heavy vehicles for decades. The pump is highly efficient at all speed ranges and loads, giving feasibility to small applications of petro-hydraulic hybrids. If a report contains personnel or medical files information, that text is replaced by "(b)(6)". Regenerative braking can be used to recover some of the supplied drive energy back into the accumulator. Gale. Language Assistance Available: Español | 繁體中文 | Tiếng Việt | 한국어 | Tagalog | Русский | العربية | Kreyòl Ayisyen | Français | Polski | Português | Italiano | Deutsch | 日本語 | فارسی | English, The MAUDE database houses medical device reports submitted to the FDA by mandatory reporters, CDRH Export Certificate Validation (CECV), Radiation-Emitting Electronic Products Corrective Actions, Instructions for Downloading Viewers and Players. [84] For example, the rare earth element dysprosium is required to fabricate many of the advanced electric motors and battery systems in hybrid propulsion systems. [4] In 1999 Harald Kutzke described an "active bicycle": the aim is to approach the ideal bicycle weighing nothing and having no drag by electronic compensation. The plug-in hybrid is usually a general fuel-electric (parallel or serial) hybrid with increased energy storage capacity, usually through a lithium-ion battery, which allows the vehicle to drive on all-electric mode a distance that depends on the battery size and its mechanical layout (series or parallel). Jwk: how did you where i belong choose as the title track. 2025 target: The Commission is required to propose a further emissions reduction target by the end-2015 to take effect in 2025. The First Hybrid Evaluating locomotive was designed by rail research center Matrai in 1999 and built in 2000. Mopeds, electric bicycles, and even electric kick scooters are a simple form of a hybrid, powered by an internal combustion engine or electric motor and the rider's muscles. Hybrid car companies have a long time to go if they expect to really go green. Gale. [74] In general various soluble and insoluble nickel compounds, such as nickel chloride and nickel oxide, have known carcinogenic effects in chick embryos and rats. [50] The vehicle uses nitrogen gas compressed by energy harvested from braking or deceleration to power a hydraulic drive which supplements power from its conventional gasoline engine. If a report contains trade secret or confidential business information, that text is replaced by "(b)(4)". Another subtype of hybrid vehicles is the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. In 1996 Jürg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built an SHB and in 1998 modified a Leitra tricycle (European patent EP 1165188).
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